Causes of Ketamine Addiction

Causes of Ketamine Addiction Psychology of Drug Addictions Stephanie Boaz ABSTRACT Ketamine was first discovered in 1961 but not synthesized until 1962 by a man of the name of Calvin Stevens that worked with Parke Davis Labs ( http://azarius.net/encyclopedia/39/Ketamine ). Stevens discovered Ketamine when searching for a replacement for PCP anesthetics. It was not until 1965 that Ketamine was later used as a relational drug which was discovered by Edward Domino ( http://azarius.net/encyclopedia/39/Ketamine ). Ketamine is considered to be a fast acting, dissociative anesthetic ( http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine ). Ketamine is not like your customary anesthetics it works by blocking the brains activity from the body. Without stimulation the brain’s perceptions increase causing the brain to start a hallucinogenic state of mine also known as the emergence phenomena ( http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine ). Ketamine has the chemical name: 2-(2-chlorophen yl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone ( http://azarius.net/encylopedia/39/Ketamine ). How Does a Person Get Hooked on Ketamine Ketamine is used in many different ways. It is used an anesthetic on humans it is primarily used on children or the elderly and people of third world countries due to the emergence phenomena ( http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine ). When using Ketamine as a recreational drug is comes in many forms such as powder, tablet, or in a liquid form which are taken orally, anally, snorting, or injected in the muscle or veins. Once administered intramuscularly it takes roughly two minutes to take effect (Julien, Advokat, & Comaty, 2011, pg.530). If snorted it takes about 5-10 minutes to take effect, peak times are different according to the way the drug is administered ( http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showwiki.php?title=Ketamine ). With the use of Ketamine it has psychic sensations that may occur such as mood state and body images, floating sens ations, vivid dreams or illusions and the occasional frank delirium ( http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/2/59.full ). Ketamine is also known as Special K on the streets. It has the similar effects as to what PCP would have on a person. Once the drug is ingested the body can feel the effects for up to 24 hours after ( http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine ). Special K is also a drug that is very well known for its use in date rape. This drug is both odorless and has no taste at all. There are many street names for this drug that include: ( http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine) . Special K K Super Acid Kit kat Vitamin K Jet Honey oil Purple Cat Valium Ketamine or Special K has many signs and symptoms that accompany the use of this drug which consist of and are not limited to ( http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine ): Hallucinations Poor vision Amnesia Strange heart rate patterns Nausea Identity confusion Elevated heart rate Numbness Out of body experiences Delirium Rash Confusion of time Depression Poor coordination Seizures Realistic dreams There are many long term side effects from the use of Ketamine/Special K ( http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine ): Permanent memory loss Anxiety Respiratory complication Neuroses Inability to pay attention Poor learning ability Night terrors Mental disorders PTSD Increase in blood pressure Flashbacks Loss of consciousness Depression Insomnia Once Ketamine /Special K is used on a regular basis the drug begins to build up in the person body thus forming a tolerance to the drug. Once this is done it requires that more and more of the drug be utilized in order to feel the high that the person is seeking. Once the drug has been used for a long period of time the effects may take many years to overcome. In order to completely overcome the addiction it requires the use of drug rehabilitation ( http://casapalmera.com/uses-symptoms-and-effects-of-ketamine ).

Research design in psychology week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research design in psychology week 4 - Essay Example To narrow down my area of interest into a specific branch of criminology I have picked the topic of juvenile crime and delinquency which analyses the acts committed against the law by underage individuals. Qualitative research encompasses the study of a concept or phenomena that needs to be understood because little research has been done on it (Creswell, 2009). Theories aid this research simply because they enable a researcher to form a null hypothesis, which is either proved or disproved by the research carried out. Look at the example of the study conduced by Brian A. Jacob and Lars Lefgren (2003) that gathered through questionnaires and interviews data from various schools and 29 jurisdictions across the country to conclude that the level of property crime committed by juveniles decreases by 14 percent on days when school was in session, but the level of violent crime increases by 28 percent on days when it is not. Building on this study I would analyze the concept of crime based on the general theory of crime that revolves on individual self control. According to Akers and Sellers, 2004, the self control theory marks the difference between an individuals (regardless of age) tendency to either commit a crime or refrain from it. Therefore the connection between ‘criminality’, which is to offend, and ‘crime,’ that refers to actual law being broken, is that of available opportunities (Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990). Since low self control develops early in an individual’s life and results in an increased possibility of crime to base this theory on a research that through direct observation and the use of questionnaires targets samples of school going children will be a practical undertaking. This is because its application will lead to findings that can help develop practices which will help improve self control and hence avoid the possibility of them taking part in future criminal activities. Similarly for a quantitative resea rch on criminology the aim is to base the investigation on methods such as inductive statistics, evidence-based comparisons, ratios, demographics, meta-analysis, computer-based models etc (Gail Cohen). In quantitative research, Creswell point out (2009, p. 49) researchers often test theories as an explanation for answers to their questions . For example Craig S. Schwalb (2007) conducted a quantitative longitudinal meta analysis judging the probability of repeated offences by juvenile offenders and found that there was a positive correlation between individuals who indulged in substance abuse, family problems and peer delinquency. Correlation is a popular technique in psychology, including personality (Dr. C. George Boeree). The personality theories take into consideration biology (neurology), evolution and genetics, sensation and perception, motivation and emotion, learning and memory, developmental psychology etc. Keeping in mind this theory the aspect of the probability of repeat offences can be facilitated by developing personality tests to measure the personality traits of juvenile criminals. For example by the use of say an IQ test we can measure the average intelligence of juvenile delinquents and identify key personality traits and then correlate these with frequency or intensity of criminal activities. This will induce a level of objectivity in our research as we would know exactly what personality

Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy Quantitative Essay

Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy Quantitative Analysis Article - Essay Example This paper aims at establishing the author’s potentiality in utilizing the main research methodologies to conduct the proposed research on cognitive behavioral group therapy in promoting performance among college students. Article on Quantitative Analysis Article 1: Ilkhchi, S., Poursharifi H., and Alilob, M 2011 The effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy on self-efficacy and assertiveness among anxious female students of high schools, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30; 2586 – 2591. This article primarily focusses on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on promoting self-efficacy and assertiveness among anxious female students of high schools. Analysis of Research Question This article seeks to answer the question of how effective is cognitive behavioral group therapy on promoting self-efficacy and assertiveness among anxious female students of high schools. The research paper first asserts that high school students particularl y girls are predisposed to various stressors that make them prone to stress. The research paper asserts that effective therapy methods can be used to boost assertiveness and self-efficacy thereby preparing students for better academic performance (Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988). The research paper makes it clear that counseling in high schools is indeed an important activity and it should be encouraged. The researcher of this article has used interviews to collect data, used quantitative method to analyze the data and then present the research findings thereby answering the research question. Methodology Used The research article has taken on quantitative research methodology. A representative sample of high school girls, who have demonstrated various anxiety symptoms according to a present standard, are selected for the study (Colter, & Guerra, 1976). Their anxiety levels are predetermined and recorded. The students are then exposed to counseling therapy for a given time afte r which the anxiety levels are determined again. The values are analyzed using SPSS method and research findings presented in figures. Quantitative research methodology is a research method that seek to establish the reasons why certain phenomenon occurs the way they do (Jacobs, & Cochran, 1980). The research was aimed at establishing why people develop anxiety from low self-efficacy and non-assertiveness through cognitive behavior group therapy (CGBT). Findings From the studies conducted, it was established that the mean of self-efficacy and assertiveness were in cross range. The level of anxiety in every individual was found to have a direct correlation with his or her scores of self-efficacy and assertiveness. The selected population was found to have means of 37.13, 31.53 and 34.66 for interventions, placebo and control respectively. The standard deviation or deviation of each sample for the mean was found to be 9.53, 3.39 and 5.85 for each of the three settings respectively. Me an for self-efficacy and assertiveness were found to be 47.26 and 92.86. Standard deviations fro the different cases were found to be 10.06 and 24.84 respectively. Discussions The study was conducted to establish CBGT for assertiveness and self-efficacy among high school students. According to the findings, anxious students have strong