All that Glitters Is Not Gold - 1340 Words

Herbert Hoover took office in 1929 with an abundance of optimism and the promise of a New Day† for his American people. In his inaugural speech, he boasted, In no nation are the fruits of accomplishment more secure and claimed, Anyone not only can be rich, but ought to be rich. The American economy had blossomed like never before as Americans had become accustomed to living a healthy and comfortable lifestyle through the distribution of wealth, purchasing of stock, and installment buying. Americans from numerous social classes were now given a chance of living the â€Å"American dream.† However, these benefits, which improved lifestyle, promoted Americans to live beyond their means and produce an unstable economy. Therefore, on October†¦show more content†¦Successively, banks profited greatly from these broker loans promoting banks to borrow more from the Federal Reserve, clearly depicting the profitability of the stock market. With the trend of stocks, the nation was caught in a â€Å"Speculative Market† given the continuously increasing stock prices. Investments made into the purchasing of stock, scared the Federal Reserve as a lot of money was being invested based on speculation and not assurance. Investors were borrowing money from those who borrowed as well (Brokers who went to banks for the money they loan). They believed, â€Å"The stock market boom: represented excessive speculation and, as such, should be stopped.† Therefore they implemented, â€Å"a tightening of money policies in an effort to restrict the stock market. The Federal Reserves’ policies were very minimal in their effect as banks still saw benefits in borrowing from the Reserve for the high demand in stock. Excessive speculation, from investors who expected that prices would keep rising, The Federal Reserve who worried the prices were to high and implemented policies hoping to ease the stock market pressure, in the end crashed the stock market. The speed at which the stock market crashed did not allow people to make adjustments to meet these quick changes. Which is why the stock market crash impacted the economy so severely. The stock market, which once induced wealth, now resultedShow MoreRelatedall that glitters is not gold2456 Words   |  10 PagesAll that glitters is not gold  is a well-known saying, meaning that not everything that looks precious or true turns out to be so. This can apply to people, places, or things that promise to be more than they really are. The expression, in various forms, originated in or before the 12th century[1]  and may date back to  Aesop.[2] Chaucer  gave two early versions in English: But all thing which that schyneth as the gold / Ne is no gold, as I have herd it told, and Hyt is not al golde that glareth.Read MoreAll that Is Gold Does Not Glitter1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthe skill in healing to match such evil weapons. But I will do what I can.† He â€Å"drew out the long leaves of a plant and†¦crushed it in his fingers† (Tolkien 248). Aragorn will do everything possible in his capacity to save Frodo’s life; he is using all of his healing powers and techniques to rejuvenate Frodo’s wounded body. Frodo expresses his gratitude and thankfulness while speaking to Gandalf. He appreciatively says, â€Å"Not to mention Strider, should take so much trouble and show me so much kindnessRead MoreRisk Management at Wellfleet Bank: All That Glitters Is Not Gold.1120 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1 Case Analysis – Risk Management at Wellfleet Bank: All That Glitters Is Not Gold. 1. Given its strategy, what kind of risks does Wellfleet Bank face? The first possible risk would be the operation risk. Refer to Wellfleet Bank, the Group Credit Committee has a unlimited level of authority. They could approve loans of any size within the bank’s regulatory limits which means there is no supervisory group can stop the group’s decision. Furthermore, to preserve the independenceRead MoreRisk Management at Wellfleet Bank: All That Glitters Is Not Gold3034 Words   |  13 Pages$1 000 face value bond with coupon rate of 8% paid annually has five years to maturity. If bonds of similar risk are currently earning 6%, what is the current price of the bond? A: $920.15 B: $1 000 C: $1 084.25 D: none of the above C 42. All of the following features of a bond are fixed, EXCEPT: A: coupon rate B: face value C: price D: interest payments. C 43. If a bond’s price is at a premium to face value, then it has: A: a yield below its coupon rate of interest B: a yieldRead MoreStephen Leacock1418 Words   |  6 Pagesdepartments of our colleges ought to get busy and re-write our national proverbs. They are all out of date. They dont fit any longer. Indeed, many of them are precisely the converse of existing facts.  Our proverbs have come down to us from the days of long ago; days when the world was very primitive and very simple and very different; when people never moved more than a mile and a half from home and were all afraid of the dark; and when wisdom was handed out by old men with white whiskers called prophetsRead MoreTheme Of The Gilded Six Bits814 Words   |  4 PagesHurstons The Gilded Six-Bits, readers may notice that there is not just one theme included in the short story but quite a few. For example, a few of the themes that can be recognized from the short story would be marriage, betrayal, and all that glitters is not gold. Marriage is a significant role in this short story. The relationship is among Missie May Banks and Joe Banks. Which can be noticed in the beginning of the story were the relationship is a strong bond amongst the two. For instance, MsRead MoreUI / UX Design Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesHow To Build An App With Good UI/UX Design It is often said that not all that glitters is gold, but how about if it glitters and it is really gold? The satisfaction that comes from that will be enormous. You will, in essence, own something that just doesn’t seem to possess the qualities that you need, but that actually possesses all of those qualities and more. That is the effect a proper UI/UX design has on an app. Developing an app, launching it and waiting for reviews or feedback from the usersRead MoreThe Great Gatsby - Eden Imagery Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesand finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air (page 29). It is from this that Myrtle is trying to escape, this life-in-death valley that characterises the underbelly of New Yorks glitter and lights and finery, and this that she is dragged back to by the dawning jealous rage of a normally unassuming husband. To run away from the grey and the death, the colourful, brimming woman runs out, arms outstretched, to the car she thinks belongsRead MoreClose Reading Anylsis879 Words   |  4 Pagesa place and took and opened it up for an ice cream parlor’† (Hurston 285). â€Å"‘Yeah he’s up to date. He got de finest clothes ah ever seen on a colored man’s back’† (Hurston 285). Slemmons is a symbol of wealth and admiration. He is also the cause of all the drama that takes place in this story. Missie May gives us the impression that she is a loyal, faithful wife to Joe. However, after Slemmons comes to town, we learn that is not true. Slemmons is so used to having whatever woman he wants, soRead More The Search for Utopia in The Great Gatsby Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesarrival is a mixed blessing at best. The concept of paradise in The Great Gatsby is â€Å"a shifting, evanescent illusion of happiness, joy, love, and perfection, a mirage that leads each character to reach deeper, look harder, strive farther†(Lehan, 57). All the while, time pulls each individual farther from the moment he seeks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is Myrtle Wilsons gaudy, flashy hotel paradise in which she can pretend that she is glamorous, elite, wanted and loved. She clings fiercely enough to this

The Homeless Americ What Happens People Who Become Homeless

The Homeless America: What happens to people who become homeless There’s a lot of times in a person’s life that they have had to either travel to a big city or live in one. Most of the time they are focused on their life, events that are happening for them, or issues they are having. Some don’t even notice the people sitting on the sides of the steps leading to big buildings. Holding signs that say, â€Å"Help, can you spare any change?† How many times have you passed by a person holding a sign like this? Have you ever noticed how so many people cannot have anywhere to go or call home? Do you ever wonder why there are so many people out there who don’t have anything but the clothes on their back and are out in the streets begging for whatever they can receive from others? Maybe they just were down on their luck. Some of them you would probably think was because of their own fault. Maybe it was, or maybe because of circumstances out of their control they just lost it all. Families as well as individuals can be hom eless. The National Center on Family Homelessness notes that about one-third of the homeless population in the U.S. involves families with 1.6 million children homeless at some point during the year. (Bush) There are reasons that exist to why people lose their homes, jobs, and why after is happens they can’t get back up on their feet again. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, over 610, 042 people experience homelessness on any given night in the US.

Analysis of Rights and Duties in Nepal Free Essays

Women’s Property Rights Movement in Nepal by Binda Pandey Nepal is still running under strong feudalistic social values and norms. There were no clear provisions regarding Nepalese women and property rights until 1975. Following the UN Declaration of 1975, which was International Women’s Year, the Nepali government began to celebrate International Women’s Day on the 8th of March. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Rights and Duties in Nepal or any similar topic only for you Order Now That same year, the Civil Code was amended and a clause on women’s inheritance and property rights included. The clause states that if a woman remains unmarried up to 35 years of age, she would have a right to inherit property. However, the amendment limits itself as it continues â€Å"if she gets marriage after having property that should be returned back to the brothers by deducting the marriage cost. † With the restoration of multiparty democracy in 1990, the new constitution guaranteed that no one should be discriminated against on the basis of sex. Furthermore, in 1991, the government ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW-1979). The nation’s Women’s Movement demanded that all inequalities in Nepali law be eliminated and focused attention on the equal right of women to inherit property. All political parties have included this demand in their respective election manifestos. The opposition party in parliament, the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist, has raised this issue repeatedly but the government has neither considered it seriously, nor taken any initiation to amend discriminatory laws. In 1993, a case was finally filed in the Supreme Court with a demand to amend the Civil Code to give women equal rights over property. After two years, in 1995, the Supreme Court issued a directive to the government to introduce a Bill in parliament that would guarantee a woman’s rights to inherit property. Following the Supreme Court directive, the Ministry of Women and Social Welfare drafted a Bill, popularly known as the â€Å"Women’s Property Rights Bill† in order to amend the existing Civil Code. It was tabled for discussion in the 11th session of Parliament. It took almost six years more to be passed through parliament, despite a number of other Bills being adopted in this time parliament. During this period, different political parties and parliamentary committees have made a number of changes to the original Bill. On July 17, 2001, a parliamentary committee unanimously declared that women should have equal rights to inherit property. However, the ruling Nepali Congress party expressed some disagreement and proposed that inherited property â€Å"should be returned back to respective brother/s if she gets marriage†. The ruling party passed the Bill with a majority vote in the Lower House of Parliament in October 2001. But, the Upper House – National Assembly, which is dominated by the opposition party, failed the Bill and it was sent back to the Lower House for reconsideration. In due process, the Bill came back to the Lower House. Here, the ruling party was pressing for the Bill to be adopted while the main opposition party, supported by almost all women organizations, was pressing hard to guarantee inherited property rights for women equivalent to that of their brother/s. In this situation, there was a risk that the Bill would not be passed again and it might take several more years to go through another round of discussion. At this point, the opposition party made the tricky decision to vote for a Bill with its reservation on the provision, which do not recognize the equal right of sons or daughters to inherited property after marriage. Major Achievements through 11th Amendment in Civil Code-2020 (1963) After all these turning points, the bill was finally passed in parliament on March 14, 2002. It was sent to the King for his seal of approval and came into effect from September 27, 2002. The major achievements of this amendment are as follows: †¢ Women’s Right to Property Today, women in Nepal can enjoy their right to inherit property from birth. But when they marry any property will be returned to the parent’s family. The new law establishes a wife’s equal right to her husband’s property immediately after marriage, rather than after she reaches 35 years of age or has been married for 15 years as before. A widow’s right to claim her share of property from the joint family after the death of her husband, and to use this property even if she gets re-married, is now also established in law. †¢ Women’s Right to Divorce The Bill gives women the right to seek divorce from her husband if he harasses her physically or psychologically; if he establishes sexual relationships with other women; if he is incapable of producing children; or if he is affected by and std, including hiv/aids. Previously, the law allowed a wife to claim only food stuff from her husband for the five years following their divorce. Today, a woman can also claim property. †¢ Increase Penalty for Polygamy Polygamy is still rampant in Nepal, though it was declared illegal in 1975. Previously, those who violate the law in this regard face a punishment of 1 to 3 months in prison or a fine of 1000 to 2000 Rupees, or both. The new amendment increases these punishments, a man can now face 1 to 3 years in prison or a fine of 5000 – 25,000 Rupees, or both. †¢ Women’s Right to Abortion Previously, abortion was illegal unless a doctor advised that a mother’s life was endangered unless a foetus was aborted. Charged with this crime, more than five dozen women are imprisoned across Nepal. The new law legalizes abortion with some conditions. In normal cases a woman can make her own decision to go through with an abortion, though only within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. However, if the child’s delivery endangers the mother’s life, or if a women becomes pregnant through rape or incestuous sexual relations then abortions can take place within 18 weeks of pregnancy. Nepal is the first South Asian country to legalize abortion in this way. †¢ Stern Action against persons involved in Rape Rape is one of the major issues that has been raised by the women’s movement in Nepal. In this regard, the amendments to the civil code make the law stronger and increase the punishment for rapists. According to the new provisions, a rapist can be imprisoned for 10-15 years, if their victim is below 10 years of age; 7-10 years of imprisonment, if their victim is between 10 and 16 years of age; and 5 – 7 years of imprisonment, if the victim’s age is above 16 years. In each category, an additional five years of prison can be given if the victim is a pregnant or disabled woman. Lacunas still remain It is a big achievement that women have been granted more legal rights with this amendment. But, there remain issues to be addressed. One major issue is to establish equal rights of property inheritance regardless of a women’s marital status. The struggle to achieve rights based on gender is ongoing. If gender equality has not been achieved even when important goals are met then the struggle should continue. Challenges ahead There is a bigger challenge ahead of the women’s movement. Until and unless women and men in wider society are aware of these new legal instruments, they cannot bring any remarkable change to the real lives of Nepalese women. In this regard, it is the role and responsibility of the women’s movement to make women and men aware of their legal rights. At the same time, social and bureaucratic structures including those in civil society and government must institutionalize these changes. Only in this way will feudal and traditional attitudes towards women’s rights change. To ensure the impact of these legal rights, authority should be delegated in a practical way and the implementing apparatus should be correctly managed. The women’s movement can lead the campaign to make people aware and to check that the law is implemented properly. We can prove that legal instruments are important tools and play a crucial role in creating gender equality in society. Updated version of the published article in Workers News 32, March 2002) Women’s Movement Scenario in Nepal Nepal is one of the least developed countries in the world. Our socio-economic life and hence the national life is largely dependent on agriculture. 42 percent of the national income is being contributed by agriculture and almost 81 percent of the populatio n is employed in this sector. However, agriculture itself is in a very miserable condition. It has become away of life to majority of the population, but its fruitfulness is decreasing every year. In the Nepalese context, the women struggle started against British imperialism. Patriotic struggle against British imperialism dates back to the battle of 1814 at Nalapani. Women marched shoulder to shoulder with men in the civil right movement of 1948. Women took active part in the democratic revolution of 1951 which overthrew the 104 year autocracy of the Rana family. Its goal was to overthrow the 104 years of Rana autocracy from Nepal. The first women organization the â€Å"Nepal Women Association† was established in 1948, it worked to inculcate political awareness among women. After the fall of the Rana regime and dawn of democracy in 1951, political parties became active. Women’s organization began to be affiliated with various political parties. During the thirty year rule (1960-1990) of the party-less Panchayat system, all political parties and independent women 5 organizations were banned. However, the left democratic forces continued their struggle against the suppressive political system. The communist organized peasants and workers to fight against the exploitative regime. Women came out in large number during the struggle for democracy. The All Nepal Women Association (ANWA) functioning under the party, was very active in organizing revolutionary women. It is during this period of struggle that ANWA established itself as a revolutionary wing of the party. Many members of ANWA were tortured by the rulers. The persistence in the struggle attracted women to join the movement. The movement was successfully expanded throughout the country. Also there were some sectoral women movements in existence against the feudal exploitation of landlord and Rana regime. But they were limited in coverage and could not take larger shape to include women from all over the nation. In order to understand the shaping of the movement, it is necessary to mention how the women’s political and organized form of movement was connected with the political parties. The first underground mass meeting of All Nepal Women Association was held in 1980. The gathering discussed and analyzed situation of the country, set goals and strategies of women struggle to achieve the women’s rights and liberation. It formulated the long term and short term national policy and programme for the women struggle. The period of eighties is the most active and important period for Nepalese women movement. The oppression from the then rulers was intolerable. Many women activists were jailed and tortured, more than 70 women activists were full-time underground and semi-underground activists. They developed thousands of activists who were over-ground, and they continued their underground activities. It played a crucial role in creating political awareness and played significant role in organizing women of different class, profession and strata. During its underground political training, the All Nepal Women Association equipped its cadre with true ideals in the struggles for political rights, social justice and economic equality. It also made best use of the 8th March International Women’s Day (started since 1972, 8th march), and national festival such as Tij (exclusive women festival) and Tihar (festival of light) celebrated each year for five days culminating the worshipping of brothers by sisters on the last day. On this day women folk gather at their parental houses, hence an opportunity to make best use of gathering. ANWA organized its first National Conference in 1989 in underground way, second National Conference in 1992 and the third National Conference in 1995 with the theme â€Å"Social Security and Employment, Equal Rights in all Sectors†. All members of ANWA and other women organizations cultivated a dream-a dream of new progressive and democratic Nepal where women participation in all walks of national life is ensured. In spite of all these struggles, sacrifices and enthusiasm, women have been marginalized in politics as in any other sectors. The paternalistic structures of the family, society and the male-dominated political organizations gave little space to women. There exist a big gap between saying and doing, preaching and practicing about women’s participation and leadership in Nepal. Constitutionally, 5 percent seats of the total candidacy in the parliamentary election are reserved for women, in each political party. Recently the government has decided to provide 15 percent reservation in each VDC and Municipality. Altogether there are 4000 VDCs and 58 Municipalities and in each VDC there are 9 Wards (Unit). Each ward of the VDC will have 5 members including chairperson elected. Among four members one seat is reserved for women. There is a provision of Advisory Committee in VDC and municipality and participation of women is provisioned. Thus, at the local level altogether more than 120,000 women will be mobilized representing all parties. It is a welcome step forward to include women in politics at the local levels. The position of women in civil service is also very bleak. While the 1990 High Level Administration Reform Commission gave suggestions to improve the situation, only 5 percent of the civil servants at officer level were women in 1992. National and international efforts have been made to bring multilateral and bilateral agencies for aid and assistance for women’s cause. In spite of all these efforts, gender gap is still very wide. Inequalities are rampant in all fronts–cultural, social, economic, political and in education. Women have no separate identity of herself. They are identified in relation to her father, husband, son and grandson. Women in the society The Patriarchal system is the root cause of social injustice in Nepal. Sons are preferred over daughters. Sons are considered economic insurance in old age. They carry the family name, perform death rituals and rites. Girls are considered as other’s property to be given away in marriage. They are unwanted, neglected ad overworked. They are seen as auxiliary contributors to the household. Thus, the women are caught in the corrupt circle of the family system of exploitation and deprivation. The socialization pattern of Nepalese society is very discriminative. From the childhood, boys are groomed towards productive work and decision making and girls are confined to an â€Å"inside world† conditioned to be home makers, dutiful wives, loving mothers and service providers. A woman is subjected to the protection of man and has no mobility. Women are controlled by men and are considered as a property of men. Hence they do not have their own property. Even religion, education and rituals are denied to women. A women’s life is not for her self. Health status of Nepalese women is deplorable. Nepal is one of the three countries in the world where the life expectancy of women is lower than that of men. In Nepal 20 percent of pregnancies are said to be in the â€Å"high risk† category. Violence on girl-child and child prostitution is alarmingly increasing. Trafficking of girls into India are increasing and of those trafficked 20 percent are minors under 16 years of age. The overall health condition is alarmingly poor in Nepal. The average life expectancy is 55. 9 for males and 53. 5 for females. Only 10 percent of the pregnant women get maternal service. The maternal mortality rate is 850 per 100,000 live birth. Average child bearing age among 40 percent of women is 15 to 19 years. The fertility rate is as high as 5. 7. Women have been the focus of population policies and the main target for family planning and fertility control. The girl malnutrition rate is double than that of boy under 5 years. 78 percent of rural women suffer by anaemia in the delivery period. 85 percent of women depend upon the traditional birth attendants instead of health post and hospital services. Even in the urban areas, the maternal mortality rate is 8. 5 per 1000 but in rural and geographically distanced rural area the MMR is 15. 4 per 1000. Economic Status of Nepalese Women Nepal is an underdeveloped agricultural country with a per capita GDP of US $ 202 (1994). Almost half of its population is below the poverty line. It ranks second among the poorest countries of the world. Studies have shown that women’s contribution in the economy is large and significant with 57 percent of agricultural activities being carried out by women. They contribute about half of household income and work 11 hours a day. Despite women’s substantial contributions both as cultivators and managers in the production process, all their labour is unnoticed, undervalued and unaccounted in the economy. Women as the workers Women constitute a little over one-half of the Nepalese population. 5 percent of employed women are confined to agricultural work compared to 75 percent for men. Besides agriculture, women are again mostly confined to traditional jobs such as sewing and knitting. They are rarely engaged in professional and technical jobs. Very few are in community services, commerce, manufacture etc. Jobs are low-paid, requiring relatively simple skills. In the service sector, women are mostly engaged in teachin g, health and financial institutions. Women lag far behind in the legal field and media service. Only 6 percent are found at officer level positions in the civil services. Women in Nepal generally work for longer hours compared to men, and rural women devote much longer hours than urban women. His Majesty’s Government of Nepal has fixed the minimum wage and salaries in the industrial and organized sectors without any gender discrimination but in practice such discrimination are noticed. Discrimination in organized sectors are more prominent. Effective and in built participation of women in the development process, both as a producer and consumer of development output, has been accepted as a necessary condition for balanced, equitable and sustainable growth. But Nepalese women are yet to obtain such participation. In terms of labour force participation, women are behind men, are predominantly confined to agriculture, account for the majority of unpaid family workers, number predominantly among the unemployed and are heavily concentrated in low-paid jobs, The constraints against women’s employment in industry can be summarized as follows, †¢ Women are poorly qualified or not suitably trained †¢ Protective legislation has acted as a deterrent to women’s employment †¢ Women are prepared to work for lower wage Both women and men look upon women’s income as supplementary †¢ There is no solidarity and no unions among women Women lack the collateral to become entrepreneurs, therefore have no access to †¢ They lack entrepreneurial knowledge They have dual responsibilities and lack societal support credit loans or Ninety percent of the employed women are confined to agricultural activities where as it is less than seventy five percent in the case of men. Less than 6 percent of them are engaged in personal and community services, 2 percent are found in commerce and 1 percent in manufacturing. The employment of women in sectors like electricity, gas and water, construction, transport and communication finance and business services is extremely low or negligible (table No. 3). Economically Active Population (10 years and above) by Major Industry and sex 1991 (in percent) Table 1: Occupational Structure of Women and Men (1991) |Occupation |Male |Female Total |Female as % of |Total | |Professional technical Workers |2. 5 |0. 7 |1. 8 |15. | |Administrative Workers |0. 4 |0. 1 |0. 3 |9. 3 | |Clerical Workers |1. 6 |0. 3 |1. 1 |10. 0 | |Sales Workers |3. 9 |1. 7 |3. 0 |22. 6 | |Service Workers |7. 8 |3. 8 |6. 2 |25. 1 | |Farm/Fish Workers |74. |90. 4 |81. 0 |45. 1 | |Production Labour Workers |5. 8 |2. 0 |4. 2 |18. 8 | |Others |3. 0 |0. 8 |2. 1 |15. 8 | |Not Stated |0. 3 |0. 2 |0. 3 |35. 9 | |Total |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |40. | Source: Population Census 1991 Table 2: Women in the Labour force 1991 |Describe |Male |Female |Total | |I. Population(in ‘000) |9221 |9270 |1849 1 | |2. Labour force |6445 |6554 |12999 | |(Population aged 10 years and above in ‘000) | | | | |3. Labour forces% of total people |69. 9 |70. 7 |70. 3 | |4. Economically active population |4428 |2982 |7410 | |(Aged 10 years above in ‘000) | | | | |5. Labour force participation rate |68. 7 |45. 5 |57. 0 | |(4 as% of2) | | | | |6. Economically inactive population |2017 |3572 |5589 | |(aged 10 years and above’000) | | | | |7. 6as%of 2 |31. 3 |54. 5 |43 | Source : Population Census 1991 Table 3:Economically active population (10 years and above) by major industries and sex, 1991(in percent) Industry |Male |Female Total |Female as % of |Total | |Agriculture |74. 9 |90. 5 |81. 2 |45. 0 | |Manufacturing |2. 6 |1. 2 |2. 0 |11. 9 | |Construction |0. 7 |0. 1 |0. 5 |10. 9 | |Commerce |4. 5 |2. 0 |3. |23. 7 | |Transport and communication |1. 1 |0. 1 |0. 7 |3. 9 | |Finance and business services |0. 4 |0. 1 |0. 3 |13. 4 | |Personal community services |13. 6 |5. 3 |10. 2 |21. 0 | |Others |0. 6 |0. 1 |0. 4. |6. 7 | |Industry not stated |1. |1. 6 |1. 0 |23. 2 | |Total |100. 0 |100. 0 |100. 0 |40. 4 | Source : Population Census 1991 Women are facing problems created by government new economic policy of privatization and liberalization. The policy of privatization and liberalization is yet to show its full impact in Nepalese economy. Even then we expect to encounter the following problems in the field of women workers and employment in the days to come. 1. The employer may prefer men to women or unmarried to married one 2. Difference in salary of men and women may persist 3. Government may not be responsible for capacity building program for women 4. The dignity of women workers might erode as they will be treated as commodity by their employers. 5. Prostitution, sex tourism and sexual harassment will grow together with success of privatization and liberalization 6. Women will have to be restricted to low skilled and low paid jobs. The new policy will reduce the opportunities for formal education and vocational training for upgrading the skills, with a result that women do not qualify for promotions, job up gradation and higher wage. Education and Nepalese Women For a long time, education was a privilege for a few in Nepal. The first government school for girls opened in 1948 a year after the Civil Rights Movement. It was only in 1951 that education was gradually prompted throughout the country. The literacy rate in the country is 40 percent. Literacy rate among women is only 25 percent. In the schools the dropout and irregularity of girls are higher compared to that of boys. Progress in the promotion of girls education has been made as a result of international women’s year and the international women’s decade. Several measures have been taken to augment girls education. Female teachers were appointed in each school. Nevertheless, education is yet to be effective in empowering women in Nepal. Education in Nepal is not yet linked with the lives of the people. Equality and empowerment of women is simply a lip-service. Government Policy and Women’s Advancement There has been some changes in the interests and attitudes of the policy planners after the change in the political system. However, the changes are not satisfactory and are still sectoral. A new ministry looking after women issues has been created. The ministry is to coordinate and further the policies and programs related to the women. Women constitute half of the population in Nepal. Unless they participate fully in the nation building task, economic development of the country will not be possible. Taking this reality into account sectoral strategy and working policy were outlined in the eighth plan (1992-97), the first plan of fully democratic. The strategies to be followed as outlined in the plan are; †¢ Encouraging women’s participation in traditional as well as non traditional sectors †¢ Extending access to be formal and non-formal education to women †¢ Adopting affirmative action in training program Increasing women’s access to health facilities especially FP/MCH facilities †¢ Increasing women’s access to credit, technical knowledge, entrepreneurship development programs, marketing facilities and employment opportunities †¢ Extending to rural areas those kinds of technological changes which reduce the time spend in gathering an fetching fuel fodder, water and hous ehold work †¢ Revising laws discriminatory to women Though the government of Nepal started a policy on Women In Development (WID) since sixth five year plan (1980-85). The policy aimed to promote the status of women by recognizing women as development agent. The plans stressed on technical and non technical fields of training for women. The Women Training Centre was formed under the Ministry of Local Development (MOLD) for skill development of rural women. Of course there has been some changes in the interests and attitudes among politicians and policy makers. However the change is not overall satisfactory and still is sectoral. Women should be recognized as partner and not as subordinate to men. No doubt, the newly formed Ministry of Women and Social Welfare should take up a leading role in asserting this concept. Girls trafficking and prostitution as major Social Problems of Women in Nepal In Nepal girls trafficking and prostitution problem are becoming similar to that of problems in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. Over 200,000 Nepali girls/women are reported to be indulged into prostitution in India. It is said that between 5000 to 7000 young girls are trafficked to India annually; of which one-third are trafficked forcefully. According to the Indian Health Organization (IHO) 100,000 Nepali girls/women are working as prostitutes in Calcutta, Mumbai and New Delhi alone. IHO estimates that of the 15,000 prostitutes working in the state of Utter Pradesh, 12,000 are Nepali girls and women. The Girls, sold against their will, are subjected to severe mental and physical torture. Most of the girls and women engaged in prostitution are usually from broken families while others come from poor families. Many innocent teenage girls are abducted or lured from their homes in the countryside and are forced into the job. They are either lured or deceived on fake promises and sold to the brothel houses in Indian cities by the middlemen. As such the Nepali girls/women are found serving as prostitutes in almost every city and towns of India and the practice is, unfortunately increasing. Intra-regional and Inter-regional trafficking has also increased rapidly as more and more people migrate to the cities. There are more than 5000 girls/women from surrounding countryside working as prostitutes in Kathmandu and it is said that there are more than 200 brothels in Kathmandu city alone. Similarly, major market centres work as transit centres for ultimate trafficking into India. The East-west Highway is a fertile ground for prostitution which is being called commonly as highway prostitution. Some reports and investigations have revealed that large number of girls/women have been trafficked via carpet and garment factories. Many who fall victim are those destitute and helpless women who are neglected, abused and abandoned by their husbands and relatives. Many women belonging to lower castes are also made to be the victims. No doubt the trafficking of girls/women to the urban areas of Nepal and to the brothels of foreign countries tell us a story of fraud exploitation, domination as well as despair frustration and poverty. We need to look beyond the facade of economic problems and try to come with the possible reasons within a larger cultural, historical and socio-political framework. While the subjects of sex remains taboo in Nepalese society, prostitution has gained a big momentum. It is no longer limited to the traditional red light areas of Salyan, Pyuthan and Dang districts where the women of the â€Å"Badi† community adopt prostitution as profession. They adopt prostitution as a social practice. Under the â€Å"Deuki† system the girls are surrendered to temples by people by the way of religious gift or â€Å"Bhakal†. The Deukies are not expected to marry and thus, they adopt prostitution as a means of livelihood when they grow up. The Deuki system has been operating under the guise of religious and cultural beliefs. The cultural practice of Deuki system and Badi community have given way to socially recognized prostitution in Nepal. In Nepal as banning of prostitution remains a matter of dispute, there can be no question on the urgent need to address the issue that force girls and women into the flesh trade. The immediate risk groups like the poor and ignorant girls in the countryside, girls children working in the carpet and garment factories and the children on the streets should be made the immediate target for protection activities. All the government and non government organizations and the conscious citizens need to act actively to abolish the practice of flesh trade. Everybody should realize the gravity of the problem which is posing a big threat to a very fabric of Nepalese society. Everyone should work to contribute for he prevention and control of prostitution and girls trafficking. Well coordinated efforts need to be made in creating the congenial environment to discourage the sexual exploitation of women. There should be an effective implementation of laws relating to trafficking of girls. Income and employment generating programs such as knitting, sewing, weaving, bamboo work, sericulture etc. are necessary so that economic status of women in the countryside, the fertile ground for the traffickers is bettered. The profession of flesh trade can not be checked with the legal measures alone. Alternative means for survival are necessary. Both income generating activities as well as programs generating awareness are equally important in this respect. Despite all the existing laws, the enforcement and the threat of AIDS, girls/women trafficking and prostitution still remain a growing problem in Nepal. Nevertheless, it is a matter of great satisfaction that since the last few years some of the NGO and INGOs have started taking keen interests on the issue of women trafficking and practice of forced prostitution in Nepal. Similarly, the international and United Nations agencies have also started creating an awareness against girls trafficking and immoral prostitution practices. In the western and far western part of Nepal there is residue of slavery system called Karnaiya. The bonded labourers do not receive their full labour cost. They have to work free of charge for 15-18 hours/day The system is spread in 5 district of Kailali, Kanchanpur, Banke, Dang and Bardiya. In all these districts there is approximately 50 thousands Kamaiya. Generally women from Kamaiya family are required to work free for the landlord. Women under Kamaiya system are more exploited even than the Kamaiyas themselves. Physical and sexual abuse are common among Kamaiya women. Global context of and its effect to Nepali Women In the present context globalization has inflicted its worse effect all over the world. Globalization is generally used t0 designate an aggregate of policy measures which seek to expand market relations on world level and to enlarge the scope for the free movement of capital internationally. Some of the key components of globalizations are trade liberalization i. e. reakdown of tariff barriers, privatization of formerly public sector companies and the reduction of state intervention and the promotion of export oriented production for instance pf cash crops agriculture. In the countries of the south , such policies are generally imposed by WB. IMF , in the name of structural adjustment. while the ideology of globalization states that such polities serve to promote human welfare an increasingly large body of literature migration from rural areas and to a shift from secure to insecure forms of employment and production. Under structural adjustment programmes, government world wide have been compelled to sell of public sector companies to the private sector, and such transfers to the private sector have frequently been accompanied but massive dismissals and the flexibilization of labour relations under structural adjustment and liberalization, workers loose various forms of minimal security previously provided by the state or state owned companies. The declarations and programs of action adopted at the four global women’s conferences held since 1975 have added important dimensions on the empowerment of women. The second global conference in Copenhagen in 1980 and the third one in Nairobi in 1985 contributed to the adoption of the advancement of women by the year 2000. Now the UN is working on the fourth phase of progress of women. All the four conferences have the message that no progress is possible without a full and equal participation of men and women. Although in many countries women remain most deprived, discriminated and powerless in most societies. With this global context we should raise some pertinent points regarding Nepalese women’s movement which will give the picture of Nepalese women, their social, cultural, economic and political status who are the threshold for the 21st century. Conclusion From the mid 1980s women’s movement in Nepal can be characterized in three distinct features. Firstly, women’s movement was all activism. The role of academia was insignificant. But now there has been forging links between these two in a variety of ways in different fora, conferences, conventions, and demonstrations. A strong belief among many groups has emerged that the struggle against gender inequalities can not be waged in isolation from struggle in many other fronts. Thirdly, the women’s movement is not secluded within the country and is increasingly interconnected with the international women’s movement. The four international conferences on women have been successful in bringing women’s all over the world in common platform of action (Country Report on International Women’s Conference, 1-5 August 1997, Malmo, Sweden; prepared by Sujita Shakya Umesh Upadhyaya) How to cite Analysis of Rights and Duties in Nepal, Essay examples

Corporate Social Responsibility of Coca Cola Amatil †Sample Solution

Questions: 1. Using the example of the chosen company, assess the 3 Corporate Social Responsibility factors that influence corporate activities of your chosen company in the area of ecological sustainability. They are: economic, ethical and discretionary. 2. Based on Readings, design a sustainability plan for that company (for example you can focus on clean technology, sustainability vision, pollution prevention, product stewardship, etc). While creating the plan remember to include aims, objectives, strategies, tactics and evaluation. If the company already has a clear sustainability portfolio, analyse it according to the above criteria and suggest possible improvements for each. 3. Examine the possible advantages and difficulties in integrating your sustainability portfolio into the companys strategy. Answers: Task 1: Corporate Social Responsibility of Coca Cola Amatil Coca Cola started its business in the year 1886 in the form of a localized soda producer in Atlanta, Georgia and sold near about nine beverages each day. By the year 1920, the company started expanding at an international level and started selling its products first in the Caribbean and in the Canadian market and made further movement into Asia, Europe, South America and Soviet Union (Dorfman et al. 2012). At the end of the 20th century the Coca Cola company was selling its products all over the world, and almost all the countries in the world became a consume of the products of Coca Cola. According to the statistics of 2005, it came out to be the largest manufacturer and marketer of the non-alcoholic beverages and syrups in the whole world (Torres et al. 2012). The Corporate Social Responsibility of Coca Cola Amatil in accordance with the economic, ethical and discretionary framework can be stated as follows, The Coca Cola Amatil provided its consumers with the significantly high quality of products such as food and beverages. The core policy of the company is to meet the regulatory guidelines regarding foods as effectively as possible. In the context of manufacturing Coca Cola Amatil depends largely on the super efficient management system and technologies along with trained personnel (Brammer et al. 2012). This makes sure that the products produced by the company overshoots all the company standards as well as meet all the legal requirements also. The top product quality concern of the company is the product variability at the time of production and age of stock in the market. A stringent focus on the process control by introducing the online process control method and Coke Best Fresh programme were the key strategy of the company to provide its customers with the best quality products. Moreover, the Coca Cola Amatil continued its development by engaging with its stakeholder groups in a number of ways through various formal and informal settings. The engagement of the company starts from meetings with local, regional and national level based groups to discuss matters with the bottlers, consumers and suppliers (Lim and Tsutsui 2012). If considered at an international level the company is involved with a number of stakeholder activities. These activities include United Nations Global Compact and the World Economic Forum for addressing the global challenges. Again, according to Bauman and Skitka (2012), by maintaining active relationship with the external stakeholders the Coca Cola Amatil has become able to determine and solve issues by uniting the expertise, knowledge and skills of various organizations as well as individuals. This approach in turn helps the company to put on a positive impact on the economic, environmental and social issues. The engagement of the company with its stakeholders gives rise to a number of results that is favorable for the environment as well as the company. Regarding maintaining the sustainability of water the company aims at protecting the local sources of water. This can only be successful if the company involves with the local stakeholders along with the government, members of the communities, water agencies and various other NGOs. The bottling partner of Coca Cola Amatil implements the Source water protection plan, they involves the local stakeholders and thereby serve the local communities, ecosystems as well as the business (Uhrich et al. 2014). In the context of sustainable agriculture, the company aimed at engaging all the suppliers of the key elements in 2014 with the help of new Supplier Engagement Programme. This programme simply provides a framework of seven stages of improvement in order to reach sustainable agriculture principles. Provided that the complex nature of the recent health and environmental issues it is challenging for any business in fact for any industry as well. Therefore, the industry connects across partnerships and this is called the Golden Triangle of business (Yelkikalan and Kse 2012). The golden triangle of business is applied to the stakeholders engagement at work. Public and private society sectors as well. The company believes that the power of achievement of these companies is higher because of this collaboration. The Golden Triangle of Partnership is considered as the core corporate social responsibility of Coca Cola Amatil. This will help the company to attain sustainable business, environmental stewardship as well as social progress (Sharma and Kiran 2012). Task 2: Sustainability Plan of Coca Cola Amatil The Coca Cola Amatil produces and distributes some of the best drinks in the world. the company believes that they should do so in an sustainable manner. As corporate social responsibility is the core of the business, the company has made significant progress in this aspect. It has become successful in reducing the environmental impact along with the amount of water it uses and packaging as well as reducing the carbon emissions as well (Sharma and Kiran 2012). Coca Cola Amatil is currently satisfied with these achievements and is trying to develop its further sustainability plan based on these achievements. Now, in order to develop a sustainable future for tomorrow, it is essential for the company to reduce its impacts on the environment (Sharma and Kiran 2012). The company is currently implementing changes in every stage that are associated with its value chain, that is from the collection of raw materials to the after effects of enjoying a beautiful drink. The broader vision of the company in establishing the sustainability plan is low carbon and zero waste. This a quite clear vision for that particular type of business that the company wants to become in near future (Karnani 2013). Therefore, Coca Cola Amatil engages its employees, customers and suppliers as well as the communities for creating a difference. This ranges from finding a new way to conserve water to promoting recycling of resources along with establishing healthy lifestyles in the locality. Therefore, it is quite evident that by doing thgis the company is making a direct contribution environmental, social economic framework of the communities in which the company is currently operating (Strand 2013). In order to make changes in the sustainability, it is necessary for the company is looking beyond its operations and taking responsibility for the entire life cycle of each of their products. The aim of the company is to establish a low carbon, zero waste future where the company will use sustainable resources (Strand 2013). Now, as the vision of the company is clear, it now requires a roadmap that will help the company to establish the correct balance between the short-term achievements and long-term expectations. Coca Cola Amatil with a previously determined mission and visions as well as targets should stretch its business. it is believed that the company will be able to achieve these targets by 2020 (Strand 2013), with the help of hard work and innovation. The company has also designed a proper roadmap for achieving these targets. Priority 1: Deliver for today The targets of the Corporate Social Responsibility of the company will remain at bottom of what the company does. Each of the commitment made by the company is measured on a regular basis in accordance with a number of key performance indicators. The progress of the company in accordance with these key performance indicators will be published in the annual report and based on that progress report the company will take further necessary steps (Zyglidopoulos et al. 2012). Priority 2: Leading the industry As the company wants to display its best practices across all the commitments, it is believed that the company will be able to bring about changes in two sectors energy and change in climate and sustainability in packaging and recycling (Boulouta and Pitelis 2014). Being a manufacturing and distributing unit it is quite convenient for the company to design a carbon and waste declining programme and thereby becoming the leader of the industry. Priority 3: Innovation for future The commitments of the company are ambitious enough and it is quite natural that the Coca Cola Amatil alone will not be able to meet all of the ambitions. However, it is believed that the collaboration of the company with a wide range of partners will allow it to achieve these targets in near future by innovating in future (Arnold and Valentin 2013). Lowering of Carbon emission: The company is committed to reduce the carbon footprints in its drinks by one third by reducing the use of carbon in the entire value chain. In order to achieve this changes it is necessary for the company to look beyond the operations of the company and take entire responsibility for the whole product value chain. Coca Cola Amatil is committed to reduce the carbon footprints of its product by one third by the end of 2020 than that of it was in the year 2007 (Yin and Zhang 2012). This will be done by setting up an average carbon footprint for all of its products and packaging formats in the entire value chain. Therefore, it clearly signifies that the company should buy sustainable ingredients, packaging products and the way these products are transported as well as the disposal of these products. The company will focus on delivering carbon reduction activities across its value chain and they will focus more on clear measurement, excellence in operation and continual improvement as well (Murphy and Schlegelmilch 2013). For example the company is concerned about the fact that chilling its products. Therefore, the target of the company is to reduce this carbon emission by 35% by 2014. The company is also planning to source 35% its energy from renewable resources that also emits less carbon in the environment. Collaborating with other suppliers will also help the company to reduce the carbon footprints in the nature. Coca Cola Amatil has challenged the other suppliers to compare their carbon footprints with them, thereby work with them in collaboration, and thereby reduce the carbon footprint as a whole. Zero waste The company is committed to set standard of sustainable packaging and thereby achieve zero waste emission by its operation and recycle more of the packaging than the company uses. Another goal of the company is to develop a standard in low carbon and sustainable packaging (Ogola and Dreer 2012). The company plans to achieve this target by making use of renewable and recyclable raw materials. The company will continue to innovate and also use the expertise of the company in this regard. Therefore, it clearly means that the company will look after each and every aspect of the products, such as from packaging to design, recyclability of the contents used etc (Baur and Schmitz 2012). By the end of 2020, the company is aimed at reducing 25% materials it uses for production across all the formats of packaging. Moreover, the company has also planned that in every four of its pet bottle one will be a recycle pet along with a plan pet (Vallaster et al. 2012). By 2014, the company has planned to achieve zero waste and will not send the wastes for the purpose of land filling. Again, the company is also committed to recycle more of its packaging product that it uses. The company plans to do this by ensuring that amount of recyclable materials collected by national collection schemes taken with the amount of materials collected by the Coca Cola Amatil initiatives is greater than that of the amount of packaging the company currently uses (Whelan 2012). Task 3: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Sustainability Plan In order to understand the possible advantages and difficulties that are associated with implementation of these strategies of the company, it is necessary to get an overview of the commitments that have been made by the company. The commitments made by the company is stated below briefly, Energy and Climate Change: The company is aimed at reducing the carbon footprint in the drinks it produces and thereby reduce carbon across the entire value chain. Sustainability of packaging and promoting recycling: The company is aimed at setting up a standard of sustainability in packaging and thereby reaches zero waste in their operability. It is also focused on recycling more packaging than that of the amount it uses (Vallaster et al. 2012). Water Stewardship: The company will set up the standards of efficiency in the use of water and minimize the impact of use of water on the value chain of the company. The company has reviewed the commitments that it has made and therefore evaluated whether these commitments are reached or not. In the context of changes in climate or energy, the target of the company was to reduce the carbon footprint in its drinks and that too within 2020 (Vallaster et al. 2012). Reduction of the carbon footprints in the core business, this was to increase or grow the business by 15% and thereby reduce the carbon footprint. The company aimed to do so within 2020. Another target of the company was to reduce 50% of its carbon emission from every liter of its production. This will also be completed within 2020 (Vallaster et al. 2012). The company plans to deliver a product case with reduced carbon emission of 20% along with reducing the emission of carbon by 35% from the cold drinks. Coca Cola Amatil plans to do so within 2014. Coca Cola Amatil will reduce the amount of materials it currently uses by 25% and again the materials should be recyclable. Currently this target is under processing, as the company is using recyclable materials and planned to reduce the materials by the end of 2020 (Yin and Zhang 2012). Coca Cola Amatil has set several other strategies for the successful implementation of corporate social responsibility. These strategies include product portfolio, endorsing active and healthy living, engaging the stakeholders by which the company contributed in an social and economic manner (Yin and Zhang 2012). Moreover, the company also looked after the workplace where the employees of the company work. It has aimed at establishing workforce diversity and safety of the workers as well. Moreover, it also allows its employees a 100% accessibility of health care and wellbeing programmes. The company has not only set up these targets but also monitored whether they are met and the level of progress in this regard. These strategies have helped the company to grow in an efficient manner as well as maintaining the proper corporate social responsibility towards the environment. This sustainability plan of Coca Cola Amatil clearly depicts that the company is strictly focused on the well-being of the environment of the locality in which it operates (Yin and Zhang 2012). Therefore, it has planned to reduce the use of non-recyclable materials as well as non-renewable energies. This has enabled the company to bestow a sustainable future upon the upcoming generation. This can be considered as the greatest contribution of the company towards the environment (Yin and Zhang 2012). Regarding the problem associated with this sustainability plan it can be said that the time plan to execute some of the strategies is too long and it cannot be evaluated how much progress have been made in this regard. Therefore, it will be convenient to focus on the short term targets and thereby determine the position of the company in the context of corporate social responsibility. Reference List Arnold, D.G. and Valentin, A., 2013. Corporate social responsibility at the base of the pyramid. Journal of business research, 66(10), pp.1904-1914. Balmer, J.M., 2012. Corporate Brand Management Imperatives. California Management Review, 54(3), pp.6-33. Bauman, C.W. and Skitka, L.J., 2012. Corporate social responsibility as a source of employee satisfaction. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, pp.63-86. Baur, D. and Schmitz, H.P., 2012. Corporations and NGOs: When accountability leads to co-optation. Journal of Business Ethics, 106(1), pp.9-21. Boulouta, I. and Pitelis, C.N., 2014. Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(3), pp.349-364. Brammer, S., Jackson, G. and Matten, D., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and institutional theory: New perspectives on private governance. Socio-Economic Review, 10(1), pp.3-28. Dorfman, L., Cheyne, A., Friedman, L.C., Wadud, A. and Gottlieb, M., 2012. Soda and tobacco industry corporate social responsibility campaigns: how do they compare?. PLoS Med, 9(6), p.e1001241. Karnani, A.G., 2013. Corporate Social Responsibility Does Not Avert the Tragedy of the Commons--Case Study: Coca-Cola India. Ross School of Business Paper, (1210). Lim, A. and Tsutsui, K., 2012. Globalization and commitment in corporate social responsibility cross-national analyses of institutional and political-economy effects. American Sociological Review, 77(1), pp.69-98. Murphy, P.E. and Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2013. Corporate social responsibility and corporate social irresponsibility: Introduction to a special topic section. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), pp.1807-1813. Ogola, F.O. and Dreer, T., 2012. Market share as an indicator for corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending: The study of Coca Cola's market. African Journal of Business Management, 6(6), p.2234. Sharma, A. and Kiran, R., 2012. Corporate social responsibility initiatives of major companies of India with focus on health, education and environment. African Journal of Basic Applied Sciences, 4(3), pp.95-105. Strand, R., 2013. The chief officer of corporate social responsibility: A study of its presence in top management teams. Journal of Business Ethics, 112(4), pp.721-734. Torres, A., Bijmolt, T.H., Trib, J.A. and Verhoef, P., 2012. Generating global brand equity through corporate social responsibility to key stakeholders. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(1), pp.13-24. Uhrich, S., Koenigstorfer, J. and Groeppel-Klein, A., 2014. Leveraging sponsorship with corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Research, 67(9), pp.2023-2029. Vallaster, C., Lindgreen, A. and Maon, F., 2012. Strategically leveraging corporate social responsibility. California Management Review, 54(3), pp.34-60. Whelan, G., 2012. The political perspective of corporate social responsibility: A critical research agenda. Business Ethics Quarterly, 22(04), pp.709-737. Yelkikalan, N. and Kse, C., 2012. The effects of the financial crisis on corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(3). Yin, J. and Zhang, Y., 2012. Institutional dynamics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in an emerging country context: Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(2), pp.301-316. Zyglidopoulos, S.C., Georgiadis, A.P., Carroll, C.E. and Siegel, D.S., 2012. Does media attention drive corporate social responsibility?. Journal of Business Research, 65(11), pp.1622-1627.

Wuthering Heights Themes Essays (1316 words) - British Films

Wuthering Heights Themes The novel Wuthering Heights has a very complex storyline and the characters involved are also quite intricate. The story takes place in northern England in an isolated, rural area. The main characters involved are residents of two opposing households: Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. It is a tale of a powerful love between two people, which transcends all boundaries, including that between life and death. The author, Emily Bronte, used parallelism in this novel. Much of what happens in the first half of the story corresponds to events in the second half. This parallelism extends also to the characters; the first generation of characters is comparable to the second generation. Some might argue that these characters are duplicates of each other and that they share many traits. This is not the case for Catherine Earnshaw and Cathy Linton, a mother and her daughter. These two characters are different in numerous aspects of their personalities and lifestyles. Catherine Earnshaw and Cathy Linton differ a great deal when it comes to their family life. Catherine's father did not love her because she was forever misbehaving. He once told her ?Nay Cathy, I cannot love thee; thou'rt worse than thy brother. Go, say thy prayers, child, and ask god's pardon. I doubt thy mother and I must rue the day we ever reared thee!? (1) In relating the tale to Lockwood, Nelly noted that young Catherine was such a ?wild, wicked slip? (Bronte, pg. 37) that she never seemed as content as when she was being scolded. Catherine also treated her brother Hindley poorly. As a child, she neglected him in favour of Heathcliff. As an adult, Catherine made no effort to help Hindley with his drinking problem after Frances died, nor did she try and prevent Heathcliff from taking advantage of Hindley. Cathy Linton, on the other hand, enjoyed a very loving atmosphere at Thrushcross Grange. She and her father, Edgar, were very fond of each other. Edgar was anxious to protect her form the twisted world of Wuthering Heights. Cathy demonstrated her love for her father when she devoted herself to nursing him during his illness. Cathy never had any siblings, but she wished that she had one. She once said ?Pretty Linton! I wish you were my brother.? (Bronte, pg. 219) The reader is certain that if Cathy had a brother they would have been very close. Catherine Earnshaw was an intensely emotional character. From the time she was a child, she made choices based on her urges and feelings, and would become irritated if her will was not maintained. One time she became violently abusive when Nelly insisted on supervising her visit with Edgar. She pinched and slapped Nelly, shook Hareton when he began to cry and then slapped Edgar when he attempted to intervene. This sort of unstable emotional state made Catherine very frail she often became ill after an outburst. Following an argument she had with Heathcliff and Edgar, she became very ill and eventually died. It could be argued that her tendency for passionate outbursts drained the life from her. Cathy Linton was much more sensible than her mother was. She was able to effectively control her emotions at all times, even during confrontations with her tormentor Heathcliff, and remained strong and grounded throughout the novel. At no point was she abusive, except perhaps in her initial treatment of Hareton. The differences in the emotional character of Catherine and Cathy could be explained in the fact that Cathy did not experience a relationship like the torrential love affair Catherine had with Heathcliff. It was this relationship that was the root for all the tragedy in Catherine's life. Heathcliff played a dominant role in both halves of Wuthering Heights and he interacted with both Catherine and Cathy. However, they had very different relationships with him. Catherine and Heathcliff were deeply in love with each other and had been soul mates ever since childhood. Heathcliff often evoked powerful emotions from Catherine, and their encounters often left Catherine in emotional chaos. Cathy did not like Heathcliff and he did not like her. Edgar and Nelly informed Cathy of Heathcliff's terrible history and negative impact on her family. Once she moved into Wuthering Heights and lived with Heathcliff, Cathy was transformed from a bright, cheerful young girl into the sullen, foul-tempered person Lockwood meets during his first visit to the Heights. Heathcliff saw Cathy as the cause of her mother's death and she represented Catherine's betrayal of their love. Cathy inspired many feelings of rage from Heathcliff. For

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buy custom Review of the Literature essay Every manager requires clean, reliable and accurate results and solutions for any kind of complex problem. Manager prefers scheduling and they predict that the scheduling will better the operational performance and give accurate on time performance. Researchers should not look forward to practitioners to implement models that dont take account of suitable protection cushions . In scheduling, when managers feel that if protection was not according to planning with careful consideration, managers assigned an additional time to each and separate task. In other words a manager gives concealed time to each task. In this regards, the managers have to bear the cost and they do not get much outcome from protection for which they are investing. Initializing was lost and slowness accumulates, which is a distinctive Parkinson outcome. Managers needs to consider the desires of the customers, Most of cases the customers desires for quick and earliest delivery of certain products then managers requires to make the efficient planning and re-scheduling to review the customers orders and try to complete on due date as much as possible. It may be helpful to plan dummy jobs as order holders for imperative developing work such as obliging significant customers, to keep away from the need to violate due dates of genuine customers. The optimal service level creates a great impact in the range of stochastic model. It is likely to become accustomed the notion of optimal service level (ability of service) to due date location, and to employ the similar model . Stochastic programming was appropriate for interpreting and carefully analyzes the acquisition plan from every perspective. Stochastic programming model was a combine mathematical model which actually reviews the strategies in order to make the environment certain and clear. It helps managers to allocate the resources with optimal decision and find out the great strategies which makes and environment clear. The managers of the company should categorize and make a effective decision to create a potential strategies in the business and wipe out the uncertainties which are creating troubles in the environment. The manager should rectify the uncertainties regarding Product demand, prices and technology and Walkup and Wets. Bloom elaborates this model and aimed for minimizing the overall cost which incurred at various steps of production and maintenance of any thing, by minimizing the cost the demand of each and every period should me met and it should not create a problem and removes all the constraints and the effectiveness and reliability of production and operations system should be enough high to maintain the company standards and industry capacity. Borisone described a stochastic programming model and gives the idea about the technology optimization in order to avoid the unnecessary cost which was incurring during the process and gives a betteramount of saving output within which a company can purchase more technologies in order to generate the effective production and avoid the uncertainties. The overall objective behind the process was to minimize the total cost which was incurring during the process and managers should enable the process which makes the system effective and ensuring that its will reduce the total cost and uncertainties in the environment. In past researches the researchers were only using the method of how to evaluate a optimization criteria to reduce the overall total cost, their focus was only on particularly reducing the cost and simultaneously they were not focus on the issue of reliability performance, in short they were ignoring that idea. Then they came to know that the best solutions and optimal scheduling policies require both the minimization of the cost as well as the reliability in the process. There were different factors and characteristics for both the cost and reliability and both characteristics were equally valuable for minimizing the cost function and optimizing the stochastic schedule. Sometimes when managers were trying for minimizing the cost they were also facing the problems of optimizing the stochastic scheduling and as well the reliability was also low. Then they analyzed that each process and components have their own different characteristics for cost functioning and optimizing the scheduling reliability. So in this regard for minimizing the cost function and increasing the operation performance requires equal efforts and both should be measured simultaneously. Dekker has reviewed the many articles on the concept of optimization models. The author has described the role of stochastic optimizing model and the reduction of overall discounted cost and also figures out those points which are actually creating hindrances in the optimizing schedule and cost reduction. The author has analyzed the broader scenario of optimization with the presentation of 54 articles and clearly focuses on the optimization and cost cutting process. Aven and Dekker described the conceptual notion behind the idea of optimization and applied a different analysis for the measurement of optimization frame work and cost minimization function and give a rational decision in order to overcome all the problems and presented a way to improve the reliability in the overall process. Goel represented a model and described the important ideas regarding the optimization model, the author also commented on the framework and design the way to identify the best optimal schedule and cost reduction function and applied this function to each and every step in order to increase the reliability on process. Raouf and Ben-Daya (1995) elaborated the strategic approach to define the optimization procedure and drives the idea that actually can remove the uncertainty from the environment and improves the performance of the overall proceess as well as the reliability and efficiency of the overall management process and designed approach which measure the whole effectiveness of the system and provide a methodology and areas of management that needs to be improved. An optimizing strategy describes different tasks and it emphasis that these tasks should be complete within given time frame at a minimum cost and review the current situations which specify some action to be followed by managers. Optimization strategy elaborates the tasks that should be assigned to staff and that should be completed at a gives time period and shows the effectiveness and reliability in the process. Lets suppose the strategy should properly implemented to a staff and remind them to be completed as soon as possible with the spending of less time and get a longest return in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. The optimal scheduling strategy should be well defined and minimize the cost duration of the work as much as possible and reflect a positive work while scheduling and reducing the overall discounted cost Neumann. The stochastic model describing more and more clarity about the task and utilization of the capacity and it helps to achieve the outcomes within due date and time. In stochastic scheduling the main interest was to create the efforts to utilize the maximum capacity and fulfill the requirements of the data. In order to meet the requirements of the data the variability in the process should be removed. The objective is optimal scheduling and cost reduction in process. Further, stochastic scheduling needs much more information to clarify more factors of the process and these factors leads to a maximum utilization of sources with less input of cost. The authentic way of optimizing the schedule will produce power full information about the system. To make this clear more, there should review the deterministic model and by reviewing this model the researcher can identify the variation in the process and by eliminating these variations the researcher can implement the model correctly and we can identify the uncertainty in the work and activities. In order to setting due dates and arranging and booking the requirements of the customer the time is necessary to be reviewed otherwise we can lose the reliability in the overall process Cheng T.C.E. Stochastic Scheduling related to main function of the expected reliability and cost calculation, the calculation of overall cost total cost which is incurred when tasks were assigned to team at specified due dates. The Stochastic programming and Robust Optimizing are main important factors of any process. The dissimilarity between both is very necessary each one is playing its own important role in activities and making the system better. Thus optimal scheduling is great tool and by using this researcher can achieve their goals and we can make the reliability in the system by completing the entire task on due time and date Buy custom Review of the Literature essay

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Overview Of Hotel Reservation Software Information Technology Essay

Overview Of Hotel Reservation Software Information Technology Essay If guest want to make reservation, they need to call Hotel Front Office to reserve desired room. In this case, Receptionists have to record all Room information and Customer information which concerns with particular reservation with manually paper based system. Besides, Front Desk processes (Check In, Check Out, etc) have been recorded with paper based system as well. In other words, it can be said that all processes of Front Desk in Hotel are undertaken to run with paper bases system. Thus, Data inconsistent problems are faced due to processing with paper system. Furthermore, data are not easily review as it needs to store huge range of data and problems can occurred when searching associated records. For instance, Front Office Staff will get trouble when they want to search record of customer who stays in hotel over 5 times for discount promotion factors. Thus, people change to use computerized system which is more effective than paper based system. Because of using computerized system, long term record can be review easily and quickly, data security can be limited with authorization procedures and besides, profit and loss record of Hotel can be checked and reviewed by Management level. From these time, Hotel Reservation General Suite are more effective as time over. Why is Hotel Reservation System used in web? The main purpose of hotel reservation system in the web is to become real time processing system. A online hotel reservation software is used by businesses to mechanize their day-to-day operations such as reservations, room bookings, check-ins or check outs. Basically, it serves the purpose of easing out the woes of the hotel management as well as that of the customers, who are extremely important in the hospitality business. A online hotel reservation software is developed for compatibility with the internet. Such online hotel reservation software is used for the purpose of different types of accommodations like Hotels, University accommodation letting, Hotels and Guesthouses, Cabins, Cottages, Villas, Hostels or any other room booking through internet, thus adding to the convenience of the customers. Advantages The online hotel reservation software system helps to boost revenue as it saves processing time and also helps to provide better management in cases of booking system and room reservation. The software application system can be used to manage the daily transactions of a hotel, which includes restaurant billing, reservation billing, check-ins, check outs and a complete accounting section. This type of software is a contemporary solution which has whole variety of detailed modules to cover each function in managing a hotel. With the online hotel reservation software, the bookings and transactions can be done virtually any time of the day and from anywhere in the world. With hotel software installed, the staffing can be reduced significantly by the management and also, because fully functional software is being used, the chances of errors too become nil. 2. Analysis 2.1. Requirements Gathering and Observation Overview This system is currently based on the functionality of Inya Lake Hotel at 37, Kaba Aye, Pagoda Road, Yangon (Rangoon), Myanmar. This was built in the 1960. This hotel is situated on the borders of the Inya Lake, just 15 minute drive from the city center and is conveniently close to the airport. As it is one of the great and splendid hotel in yangon, it offers great facilities such as function halls containing events Banquet and conference facilities, wedding with different Package, Dinning, Fitness center, Swimming Pool, Tennis etc. Furthermore, this hotel provides 175 guest rooms raging from Superior to Presidential with fully equipment. Background of the project The name of the hotel is Inya Lake which has 5 types of rooms such as single, double, family, superior. The guests who check-in to the hotel must firstly complete a registration form. Sometimes guests do not directly check-in to the hotel, they reserve type of room they want. And then they check-in to the hotel with their reserved room so that reserved rooms are not available for directly check-in guest until withdrawing reservation Block reservation may be made by travel agents for tour groups. When they arrive, check-in and register procedures are carried out as usual and allocated to their reserved rooms. Check out and payment procedures are also the same as normal guests. Reservation may come from guests or travel agent via telephone. Inya Lake hotel also has restaurant which serve food and meal for guest. Laundry, telephone, and mini bar service are available to the customer. When guest takes these services, associated staff procedure and restaurant bill and send bill to the Front Office department. When guest request check out, receptionist calculate bill and procedure check out bill. Payment is made by guests when they check-out, Bill which contains room charges and other charges is produced to guest. Introduction to System The main responsible person in the Hotel Reservation Processes is Receptionist (Front-Office staff) who needs a system that will enable them to check whether a reservation request is possible record the booking retrieve the booking at the appropriate time. It does not matter how the request for a reservation is made; the system of processing will remain the same. The current system process for reservation is as follows and all of these processes are operating manually; Guest Reservation by telephone, fax, personal Check-in process Check-out process Payment process Guest Reservation First of all, guest reservation process is first phase of the Guest Cycle, in other words Pre-arrival phase which involves activities, for instance, reservation by preferred method (telephone, fax, personal), identification of source of business, prepayment, and other pre-arrival activities. The minimum information require in this process are When? How long? Who? and What type of room? Receptionist have to check at Room List to make sure there is available room to reserve. Consequently, the receptionist will respond with Price, Conditions and other further answers that guest require. After confirming with Room List and Guest, receptionist has to add reservation information in the Reservation Records. Guest Registration Guest Registration process contain in Arrival phase of the Guest Cycle. This process contains identification of guest status, room assignment, rate assignment, establishment of credit. Registration process has two types; registration with prior reservation or registration without reservation. If they have a reservation they will be allocated to a reserved room of the requested type. However, if they have no reservation, they are allocated to an available room which matches their requirements. There is no online payment accept by hotel currently, and customer need to pay advance paid when check in to the hotel. Check-in process After Registration process, check-in procedures carry out, eg. after filling registration form, creation of guest account, issuing of room key and rooming of guest are included in check-in procedures. As for check-in procedures, receptionist has to fill Guest information (Guest account) to the file and record all guest information required. Prepayment task will involve in the check-in procedure by guest preferred method. After issuing room key, check-in procedure is completed. Check-out process In a check-out time, a full list of room charges and unpaid services as well as any prepayments are produced as a bill. The guest pays any outstanding amounts and is issued with a receipt to continue to go payment process. Receptionist has to communicate with other departments such as Food Beverages, Services, Telephone operating, etc to make sure all bill to collect till guest request to check-out (returning room key). Payment process Guest can give their suitable cost by different method in payment process when they are check out from the hotel; Cash, Credit Card, Cheque, Foreign currency. Reporting Process The middle management level can see the operation transaction reports that are reserve, check in, check out and guest. The top management level can see the strategic reports such as which room is mostly check in search by period, which room is mostly reserve search by period, and monthly and yearly report. Fact Finding There are many fact-finding methods. There are observation, record searching, special purpose record searching records, sampling, questionnaires, interview and workshops. Among these, I had used some methods to get required facts and information. Among these, I used some methods to gather the required information. Both Observation and Interviewing are used to get require information. Firstly, I interview with the employees of the InyaLake Hotel to know domain of the organization and what they need. And then I interview with the management level of the InyaLake Hotel to get different requirement with different point of view. After that I collected the require form check out voucher and other external services voucher and so on. Secondly, I used formal or informal observation, and both are equally useful. Formal observation is a planned, conscious approach, which involves watching an operation or procedure for a specific period. But informal observation should be used at all times when investigating user operation. I observed the procedures of currently used system and collected all necessary facts by analyzing documents and interviewing the customers and owner of the system. In addition, I also surf the web from various brands of the not only online hotel reservation software and online front desk software. Prioritization Requirements Requirement should be prioritized. One way to do this by use of the MoScoW rules, MoScoW stands for Must Have requirement are the highest priority functional requirements. Without then the system will be unworkable and useless. These requirements constitute the minimal usable subset of all requirements. For my system, reservation, check in, check out are highest priority. Should Have requirement are the next priority group. In a less time constrained project they would belong to the first group, but the system will be useful and usable without them. For my system, room gallery and external services sub system is that a kind of priority. Could Have requirement are those that can be more easily left out of the increment which is being developed. It means they are going to included later. For my system, expand and inventory control are that kind of requirement. Want to have but will not have this time round requirements are those which can wait until later development takes place. For my system, Payroll for staff is a kind of requirement. Introduction of UML UML or Unified Modelling Language is a multipurpose modelling language that aims to provide a standard for modelling a system. UML consists of various diagrams used to model a system from initial idea to an implement able project. Each model carries the specifications and requirement of that same system from different point of view. For example, the users of a particular system only want to know what the system can do while the designer will design what and how many functions or tasks in that system. But a programmer or engineer needs to know how to perform a particular function or how each task affect each other. All this can be realize using UML diagrams. UML provides standard methods and notation to create these models as well as guideline to transform one model to another model while preserving the consistency between models. UML is a collaboration of several traditional modelling concepts and notation. It is first created by Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson during 1994. UML is a non proprietary modelling language but its ownership and evolution responsibility is governed by Object Management Group (OMG). The application of UML is very wide. It is not only used in object oriented systems analysis and design. It is also used widely in all phases of complex software development life cycles, development of many systems engineering, as well as in modelling of many business processes. UML is not dependent on any programming languages and strongly highlight the concept of reuse, layering, partitioning and modularity. In general, UML is design to be flexible, extendable and open to many specific applications or industries. UML provides guideline on how to extend a system using stereotypes method. Introduction to UML Diagram According to the new OMGs information, there are a total of thirteen types of diagrams define in the latest UML 2.0, which is divided into three categories namely static structure, behaviour and interaction. Static structure models include the Class diagram, Object diagram, Component diagram, Composite Structure diagram, Package diagram, and Deployment diagram. Behaviour models include the Use Case diagram, Activity diagram, and State diagram. And lastly interaction models include the Sequence diagram, Communication diagram, Timing diagram, and Interaction Overview diagram. Each of the diagrams serves its own purpose and is strongly related to each other. InyaLake Hotel Use Case Use Case Description Register Customer this use case described to customer register for the system. In other word, it mostly intended for member customer. This use case exist top of the diagram because the other transaction need to work after the registration process. Reserve Room Type this use case identify the booking of the room type. It includes two types of booking that are online and offline. The online booking only performs for registration member and the offline booking carry out for guest. Check In this use case explain for customer check in room when a customer from booking or direct check in. Take Service this use case mean when the customers check in room in hotel, they can request the service form a hotel. After finishing of the request service, the staff will perform their request service. Check Out -this use case describes the customer request check out the room from a hotel. In this process, the system will perform calculation both room charges and service charges. Finally, the system produces a bill for customer. Use Case: Reserve Room Type Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a customer enters the reservation link. 2. The system will show login screen. 3. A customer enters the email and password in a login form. 4. The system will display reservation page. 5. The system will generate the auto reservation id for a particular customer. 6. A customer enters a total guest in the reservation form. 7. A customer selects arrival date and departure date in the reservation from. 8. A customer chooses a room types and fill a number of room to stay in the hotel and click the add button. 9. The system will show the reserve room type list in the screen. 10. A customer presses the Reserve button to reservation. 11. The system will verify the information, save reservation information, use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a customer enters the reservation link. 2. The system will show login screen. 3. If a customer has not a member, a customer clicks the sign up button to show register page. 4. The system will show register screen and auto generate the Member ID. 5. The customer enter Name, Password, Nationality, NRC/Passport, Phone, Gender, DOB, Email, Address and click the register button. 6. The system will transfer login screen again. 7. A customer enters the email and password in a login form. 8. The system will display reservation page. 9. The system will generate the auto reservation id for a particular customer. 10. A customer enters a total guest in the reservation form. 11. A customer selects arrival date and departure date in the reservation from. 12. A customer chooses a room types and fill a number of room to stay in the hotel and click the add button. 13. The system will show the reserve room type list in the screen. 14. A customer presses the reserve button to reservation. 15. The system will verify the information, save reservation information, use case ends. Use Case: Check In Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the check in link. 2. A staff selects a member or guest who makes reservation. 3. The system will display member Information, reserved room information. 4. A staff selects room type. 5. The system will show available room information. 6. A staff chooses a room from available room list to check in. 7. A staff clicks the check in button to check in. 8. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the check in link. 2. A staff selects a member or guest who makes reservation. 3. à ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹If a member or guest is not to make reservation. 4. A staff selects check in date and check out date. 5. If a customer is guest enter guest information else enter the member id to verify valid member. 6. A staff enter total guest. 7. A staff selects room type. 5. The system will show available room information. 6. A staff chooses a room from available room list to check in. 7. A staff clicks the check in button to check in. 8. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Use Case: Take Service Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the service taken link. 2. A staff enters to room no to take service. 3. The system will shows check in information and produce service taken form. 4. A staff enters a service voucher number. 5. A staff selects a service type. 6. A system will show relevant service item and price. 7. A staff enters amount of service item. 8. The system will calculate and display total amount. 9. A staff press add button to take service. 10. The system will display service taken list and services total. 11. A staff clicks the save button. 12. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the service taken link. 2. A staff enters to room no to take service. 3. The system will shows check in information and produce service taken form. 4. A staff enters a service voucher number. 5. A staff selects a service type. 6. A system will show relevant service item and price. 7. A staff enters amount of service item. 8. The system will calculate and display total amount. 9. A staff press add button to take service. 10. The system will display service taken list and services total. 11. A staff clicks the save button. 12. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Alternative Paths 2. If there is not found check in room, the system will show error message and use case ends. Use Case: Check Out Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters check out link. 2. A staff select member id or guest name choose to check out. 3. The system will show check in information, check in room and total room charges information, service taken and service taken charges information. 4. A staff clicks the check out button. 5. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Alternative Paths 2. If there is not found member id, guest name, the system will show error message and use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters check out link. 2. A staff select room number choose to check out. 3. The system will show check in information, check in room and total room charges information, service taken and service taken charges information. 4. A staff clicks the check out button. 5. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Alternative Paths 2. If there is not found room number, the system will show error message and use case ends. Class Diagram Why divide member and guest table? In a hotel, every guest cannot be fill registration and they may want to stay only one time to stay that hotel. In this situation, I separate the two types of customers that are guest which do not fill registration and may be one time customer for each hotel and member who comes often/always come to hotel. Why I made generalization for user table?